Environ 6 à 8 enfants sur 1000 naissances présentent une cardiopathie congénitale.
Les cardiopathies congénitales sont un ensemble de malformations du coeur et des vaisseaux qui se forment lors de la conception du coeur pendant la grossesse et qui sont présents à la naissance.
Le coeur est un des premiers organes fonctionnels du foetus. Il se crée entre le 20ème et le 60ème jour de la vie intra-utérine. C’est initialement un tube symétrique qui va progressivement acquérir une latéralité et se developper jusqu’à former 4 cavités, 4 valves et deux gros vaisseaux (voir le schéma du coeur normal).
Dans la majorité des cas, la cause de la malformation cardiaque est inconnue, mais il existe des facteurs de risque clairement identifiés qui peuvent mener à la formation des malformations cardiaques
Parmi les causes identifiées des malformations cardiaques, on retrouve:
– Les anomalies génétiques (mutation au niveau du génome): syndrome de Di George, syndrome de de Williams.
– Les anomalies chromosomiques (anomalie de nombres de chromosomes): trisomie 21
– Les infections comme la rubéole congénitale pour laquelle il est conseillée d’être vacciné avant la grossesse.
– Certaines maladies maternelles comme le diabète, le lupus, la phénylcétonurie.
– Certains médicaments: L’acide rétinoïque (utilisé pour l’acné).
– Les toxiques (tabac, alcool, drogues)
– Certaines situations de la grossesse comme les jumeaux monochoriaux biamniotiques (qui partagent le même placenta, ce qui peut provoquer des échanges anormaux de flux sanguin entre les jumeaux).
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